Ühes varasemas artiklis oli juttu, kuidas teha MacBook-i jaoks sobilik Linux-i mälupulk. See oli üsnagi vaevaline protsess. Samas, kui üks mälupulk on juba valmis, siis selle kloonimine käib juba tunduvalt kiiremini, kui värske süsteemi nullist installeerimine. Panen siia kirja, kuidas kloonisin ning mida tähele panna mälupulga valikul.
Esiteks oli mul süsteem installitud Samsungi 128GB mälupulgale (tootekood MUF-128BC/EU).
Siis tuli mõte, et võiks teha igaks juhuks süsteemist koopia ja pigem siis juba väljareklaamitud "kiiremale" mälupulgale, milleks valisin tormakalt "Kingston 128GB HyperX Savage USB 3.13.0 350MBs R, 250MBs W" (tootekood HXS3/128GB). See mälupulk võib olla hea suurte videofailide kiireks transpordiks ühest seadmest teise, kuid Linuxit ei soovita sellele kindlasti installeerida. Proovisin selle ise järgi ja võin seda kinnitada. Põhjus on selles, et juhuslik kirjutamiskiirus on sellel eriti vilets.
Nagu pildilt näha, see on vaid ligi 0.02MB/s ehk umbes 20kB/s. Nüüd peaks olema selgemast selgem, et arvuti kettamäluna kasutamiseks on see täiesti kõlbmatu.
Lisaks sellele võiks mälupulk olla väikeste mõõtmetega, et ei oleks ohtu seda ära painutada või koguni murda. Lehekülg http://www.everythingusb.com/mini-drives/ annab alustuseks üsna hea ülevaate. Kõige rohkem pakub siin huvi tabel "väikeste failide test". Selle põhjal võib välistada Transcend ja Kingston mälupulgad. Lexar mälupulk tundub paljulubav. Selle kohta leidsin internetist testi: http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/Reviews/Print.aspx?ArticleId=45899. Siin on juhuslik kirjutamise kiirus 1.8MB/s ringis. See pole iseenesest paha, kuid ei ole ka eriline supertulemus.
Kaht ülejäänut mälupulka oli mul endal võimalik testida.
SanDisk Ultra Fit 64GB USB3.0 (tootekood: SDCZ43-064G-GAM46):
Nagu näha, on sellel juhuslik kirjutamiskiirus ligi 2.4 MB/s.
SAMSUNG MEMORY DRIVE FLASH USB3 64GB/FIT (tootekood: MUF-64BB/EU):
Nagu näha, on sellel juhuslik kirjutamiskiirus ligi 1.6 MB/s, mis jääb ligi 1.5-kordselt Sandisk-le. Järjestikune kirjutamiskiirus on küll sellel parem.
Nüüd siis samm-sammuline õpetus, kuidas mälupulka kloonida.
Esiteks, kui meil on mälupulgad täpselt sama marki ja sama mahuga, siis ei ole meil midagi keerulist vaja teha. Piisab ühest käsklusest root õigustes:
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# dd if=/dev/sdX of=/dev/sdY status=progress
Siin /dev/sdX on lähteseadme nimi (näiteks /dev/sdb) ja /dev/sdY on sihtseadme nimi (näiteks /dev/sdc).
Kuna soovime, et saaksime hakkama algsest mälupulgast suuremamahuliste ja väiksemamahuliste mälupulkadega, siis järgnev õpetus on selline, mis peaks töötama igal juhul. Clonezilla on hea tööriist, kuid praegusel juhul see ei sobi, sest see ei saanud hakkama, kui siht-mälupulk oli väiksema mahuga.
- Laadi süsteem Ubuntu Live USB mälupulgalt.
- Käivita terminal ja mine root õigustesse (sudo su)
- Ühenda algne mälupulk, mida soovid kloonida ja vaata, mis seadmega tegemist:
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# dmesg | tail [ 310.490449] sd 4:0:0:0: Embedded Enclosure Device [ 310.491322] sd 4:0:0:0: [sde] 250609664 512-byte logical blocks: (128 GB/120 GiB) [ 310.492108] sd 4:0:0:0: [sde] Write Protect is off [ 310.492111] sd 4:0:0:0: [sde] Mode Sense: 43 00 00 00 [ 310.492902] sd 4:0:0:0: [sde] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA [ 310.496962] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: WARN Event TRB for slot 12 ep 4 with no TDs queued? [ 310.503583] sde: sde1 sde2 sde3 [ 310.505359] sd 4:0:0:0: [sde] Attached SCSI removable disk [ 310.800562] EXT4-fs (sde2): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) [ 310.801602] hfsplus: Filesystem was not cleanly unmounted, running fsck.hfsplus is recommended. mounting read-only. root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu#
Nagu näha, on mälupulgaks, mida soovime kloonida /dev/sde. Haagime selle lahti:
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# umount /dev/sde1 root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# umount /dev/sde2
Ühendame sihtmälupulga, millele soovime süsteemi koopiat saada ja jälgime viimaseid süsteemi teateid:
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# dmesg | tail [ 1151.845156] usb-storage 2-2.4:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected [ 1151.845347] scsi host5: usb-storage 2-2.4:1.0 [ 1152.846386] scsi 5:0:0:0: Direct-Access SanDisk Ultra Fit 1.00 PQ: 0 ANSI: 6 [ 1152.846764] sd 5:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg6 type 0 [ 1152.846972] sd 5:0:0:0: [sdf] 121307136 512-byte logical blocks: (62.1 GB/57.8 GiB) [ 1152.848058] sd 5:0:0:0: [sdf] Write Protect is off [ 1152.848063] sd 5:0:0:0: [sdf] Mode Sense: 43 00 00 00 [ 1152.848360] sd 5:0:0:0: [sdf] Write cache: disabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA [ 1152.856281] sdf: sdf1 [ 1152.857398] sd 5:0:0:0: [sdf] Attached SCSI removable disk root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu#
Nagu näha, on sihtmälupulgaks /dev/sdf. Haagime ka selle lahti:
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# umount /dev/sdf1
Säilitame algse ketta partitsioonitabeli failis:
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# sfdisk -d /dev/sde > part_table
Teeme sellest koopia:
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# cp part_table part_table.new
Kuna meil on algsest 128GB suurusega mälupulgast 2 korda väiksema mahuga 64GB mälupulk, siis teeme Linuxi partitsiooni 2 korda väiksemaks ning kustutame ketta viimase partitsioonitabeli failist part_table.new rea "last-lba:". Kustutame ka saaleala:
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# nano part_table.new root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# cat part_table label: gpt label-id: 9CBB15CF-EE67-4645-BF0D-94B643673A7A device: /dev/sde unit: sectors first-lba: 34 last-lba: 250609630 /dev/sde1 : start= 2048, size= 1048576, type=48465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC, uuid=B1620C92-5464-4A45-9596-749E0B9E96E0, name="Apple HFS/HFS+" /dev/sde2 : start= 1050624, size= 233017344, type=0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4, uuid=890654F7-EDFC-44B9-A587-D6DD84CDFC8C /dev/sde3 : start= 234067968, size= 4268032, type=0657FD6D-A4AB-43C4-84E5-0933C84B4F4F, uuid=EBFEA9AB-6453-406E-8A25-78DEF89364C7 root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# cat part_table.new label: gpt label-id: 9CBB15CF-EE67-4645-BF0D-94B643673A7A device: /dev/sde unit: sectors first-lba: 34 /dev/sde1 : start= 2048, size= 1048576, type=48465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC, uuid=B1620C92-5464-4A45-9596-749E0B9E96E0, name="Apple HFS/HFS+" /dev/sde2 : start= 1050624, size= 116508672, type=0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4, uuid=890654F7-EDFC-44B9-A587-D6DD84CDFC8C root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu#
Loome sihtketta partitsioonitabeli:
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# sfdisk /dev/sdf < part_table.new Checking that no-one is using this disk right now ... OK Disk /dev/sdf: 57.9 GiB, 62109253632 bytes, 121307136 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Old situation: Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sdf1 32 121307135 121307104 57.9G c W95 FAT32 (LBA) >>> Script header accepted. >>> Script header accepted. >>> Script header accepted. >>> Script header accepted. >>> Script header accepted. >>> Created a new GPT disklabel (GUID: 9CBB15CF-EE67-4645-BF0D-94B643673A7A). Created a new partition 1 of type 'Apple HFS/HFS+' and of size 512 MiB. /dev/sdf2: Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 55.6 GiB. /dev/sdf3: New situation: Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sdf1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M Apple HFS/HFS+ /dev/sdf2 1050624 117559295 116508672 55.6G Linux filesystem The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu#
Kuna vaba ruumi jäi üle, teen ülejäänust saaleala fdiski abil:
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# fdisk /dev/sdf Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.27.1). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdf: 57.9 GiB, 62109253632 bytes, 121307136 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: 9CBB15CF-EE67-4645-BF0D-94B643673A7A Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sdf1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M Apple HFS/HFS+ /dev/sdf2 1050624 117559295 116508672 55.6G Linux filesystem Command (m for help): n Partition number (3-128, default 3): First sector (117559296-121307102, default 117559296): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (117559296-121307102, default 121307102): Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 1.8 GiB. Command (m for help): #Muudan partitsiooni tüüpi käsklusega t (kood on 19): Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-3, default 3): Hex code (type L to list all codes): 19 Changed type of partition 'Linux filesystem' to 'Linux swap'. Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu#
Partitsioonid on nüüd olemas. Kopeerin esimese partitsiooni üksühele:
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# dd if=/dev/sde1 of=/dev/sdf1 status=progress 1048576+0 records in 1048576+0 records out 536870912 bytes (537 MB, 512 MiB) copied, 38.3341 s, 14.0 MB/s
Vormindame Linuxi partitsiooni:
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdf2 mke2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015) Creating filesystem with 14563584 4k blocks and 3645440 inodes Filesystem UUID: 7618c18b-ce8c-496f-9acc-70465a45a20b Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624, 11239424 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu#
Nüüd kopeerime failid lähtekettalt sihtkettale:
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# cd /mnt root@ubuntu:/mnt# mkdir src root@ubuntu:/mnt# mkdir dest root@ubuntu:/mnt/src# mount /dev/sde2 /mnt/src/ root@ubuntu:/mnt# mount /dev/sdf2 /mnt/dest/ root@ubuntu:/mnt# cd /mnt/src/ root@ubuntu:/mnt/src# ls bin cdrom etc initrd.img lib lost+found mnt proc run snap sys usr vmlinuz boot dev home initrd.img.old lib64 media opt root sbin srv tmp var vmlinuz.old root@ubuntu:/mnt/src# cp -ax * /mnt/dest/ root@ubuntu:/mnt/src#
Ei tohi siiski unustada üht asja. Linuxi partitsiooni uuid ei klapi lähtemälupulga omaga ja kui me seda ära ei muudaks, siis jääks meie alglaadimise protsess pooleli:
Vaatame, missugune uuid on algsel kettal ning muudame:
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# umount /dev/sdf2 root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# blkid /dev/sda1: LABEL="EFI" UUID="67E3-17ED" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="EFI System Partition" PARTUUID="77c9b9ea-2820-4a35-b1ce-14eeb718c550" /dev/sda2: UUID="4b0dffb8-116a-3c15-82bb-e600ea4e84fd" LABEL="Macintosh HD" TYPE="hfsplus" PARTLABEL="Macintosh HD" PARTUUID="9eb89476-089f-40ee-8282-ca15cd696232" /dev/sda3: UUID="ce15f085-23c8-312f-b8a7-032aefa63adc" LABEL="Recovery HD" TYPE="hfsplus" PARTUUID="566b48c9-0a4c-4e28-bc0a-b15feeccaeeb" /dev/sda4: LABEL="BOOTCAMP" UUID="34F5EE1202469FF7" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="BOOTCAMP" PARTUUID="6668bf40-7b08-44c4-9a2f-2439b97b567b" /dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/sdb1: UUID="2016-07-19-21-27-51-00" LABEL="Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS amd64" TYPE="iso9660" PTUUID="40a863e7" PTTYPE="dos" PARTUUID="40a863e7-01" /dev/sdb2: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="0F7B-9366" TYPE="vfat" PARTUUID="40a863e7-02" /dev/sdd1: LABEL="My Book" UUID="A2CA0AEBCA0ABC13" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sde1: UUID="1377ab46-39b3-3b2a-945c-cd42fe36bb96" LABEL="Ubuntu" TYPE="hfsplus" PARTLABEL="Apple HFS/HFS+" PARTUUID="b1620c92-5464-4a45-9596-749e0b9e96e0" /dev/sde2: UUID="5e6559fc-f5e2-462f-9ab3-8a7aed3fd243" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="890654f7-edfc-44b9-a587-d6dd84cdfc8c" /dev/sde3: UUID="824910eb-ecfe-440d-89e7-fde115028d37" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="ebfea9ab-6453-406e-8a25-78def89364c7" /dev/sdf1: UUID="1377ab46-39b3-3b2a-945c-cd42fe36bb96" LABEL="Ubuntu" TYPE="hfsplus" PARTLABEL="Apple HFS/HFS+" PARTUUID="b1620c92-5464-4a45-9596-749e0b9e96e0" /dev/sdf2: UUID="7618c18b-ce8c-496f-9acc-70465a45a20b" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="890654f7-edfc-44b9-a587-d6dd84cdfc8c" /dev/sdf3: PARTUUID="7bd0976b-0ca9-4ea0-ac50-96a8518228a1" root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# sudo tune2fs /dev/sdf2 -U 5e6559fc-f5e2-462f-9ab3-8a7aed3fd243 tune2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015) root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# blkid /dev/sda1: LABEL="EFI" UUID="67E3-17ED" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="EFI System Partition" PARTUUID="77c9b9ea-2820-4a35-b1ce-14eeb718c550" /dev/sda2: UUID="4b0dffb8-116a-3c15-82bb-e600ea4e84fd" LABEL="Macintosh HD" TYPE="hfsplus" PARTLABEL="Macintosh HD" PARTUUID="9eb89476-089f-40ee-8282-ca15cd696232" /dev/sda3: UUID="ce15f085-23c8-312f-b8a7-032aefa63adc" LABEL="Recovery HD" TYPE="hfsplus" PARTUUID="566b48c9-0a4c-4e28-bc0a-b15feeccaeeb" /dev/sda4: LABEL="BOOTCAMP" UUID="34F5EE1202469FF7" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="BOOTCAMP" PARTUUID="6668bf40-7b08-44c4-9a2f-2439b97b567b" /dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/sdb1: UUID="2016-07-19-21-27-51-00" LABEL="Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS amd64" TYPE="iso9660" PTUUID="40a863e7" PTTYPE="dos" PARTUUID="40a863e7-01" /dev/sdb2: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="0F7B-9366" TYPE="vfat" PARTUUID="40a863e7-02" /dev/sdd1: LABEL="My Book" UUID="A2CA0AEBCA0ABC13" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sde1: UUID="1377ab46-39b3-3b2a-945c-cd42fe36bb96" LABEL="Ubuntu" TYPE="hfsplus" PARTLABEL="Apple HFS/HFS+" PARTUUID="b1620c92-5464-4a45-9596-749e0b9e96e0" /dev/sde2: UUID="5e6559fc-f5e2-462f-9ab3-8a7aed3fd243" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="890654f7-edfc-44b9-a587-d6dd84cdfc8c" /dev/sde3: UUID="824910eb-ecfe-440d-89e7-fde115028d37" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="ebfea9ab-6453-406e-8a25-78def89364c7" /dev/sdf1: UUID="1377ab46-39b3-3b2a-945c-cd42fe36bb96" LABEL="Ubuntu" TYPE="hfsplus" PARTLABEL="Apple HFS/HFS+" PARTUUID="b1620c92-5464-4a45-9596-749e0b9e96e0" /dev/sdf2: UUID="5e6559fc-f5e2-462f-9ab3-8a7aed3fd243" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="890654f7-edfc-44b9-a587-d6dd84cdfc8c" /dev/sdf3: PARTUUID="7bd0976b-0ca9-4ea0-ac50-96a8518228a1" root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu#
Seejärel taaskäivitame arvuti uuelt mälupulgalt. Mida teha saaleala partitsiooniga? Tundub, et Ubuntu Linux soovib selle igal võimalusel kasutusele võtta. Tegin siis selle asja korda, kuid sättisin nii, et saaleala kasutataks minimaalselt:
root@tiit-macbook:/home/tiit# fdisk -l /dev/sdb Disk /dev/sdb: 57,9 GiB, 62109253632 bytes, 121307136 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: 9CBB15CF-EE67-4645-BF0D-94B643673A7A Seade Start End Sektorid Size Tüüp /dev/sdb1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M Apple HFS/HFS+ /dev/sdb2 1050624 117559295 116508672 55,6G Linux filesystem /dev/sdb3 117559296 121307102 3747807 1,8G Linuxi swap root@tiit-macbook:/home/tiit# mkswap /dev/sdb3 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1,8 GiB (1918869504 bytes) no label, UUID=2656b21c-6145-456b-b671-119100c3bb2f root@tiit-macbook:/home/tiit# blkid /dev/sda1: LABEL="EFI" UUID="67E3-17ED" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="EFI System Partition" PARTUUID="77c9b9ea-2820-4a35-b1ce-14eeb718c550" /dev/sda2: UUID="4b0dffb8-116a-3c15-82bb-e600ea4e84fd" LABEL="Macintosh HD" TYPE="hfsplus" PARTLABEL="Macintosh HD" PARTUUID="9eb89476-089f-40ee-8282-ca15cd696232" /dev/sda3: UUID="ce15f085-23c8-312f-b8a7-032aefa63adc" LABEL="Recovery HD" TYPE="hfsplus" PARTUUID="566b48c9-0a4c-4e28-bc0a-b15feeccaeeb" /dev/sda4: LABEL="BOOTCAMP" UUID="34F5EE1202469FF7" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="BOOTCAMP" PARTUUID="6668bf40-7b08-44c4-9a2f-2439b97b567b" /dev/sdb1: UUID="1377ab46-39b3-3b2a-945c-cd42fe36bb96" LABEL="Ubuntu" TYPE="hfsplus" PARTLABEL="Apple HFS/HFS+" PARTUUID="b1620c92-5464-4a45-9596-749e0b9e96e0" /dev/sdb2: UUID="5e6559fc-f5e2-462f-9ab3-8a7aed3fd243" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="890654f7-edfc-44b9-a587-d6dd84cdfc8c" /dev/sdb3: UUID="2656b21c-6145-456b-b671-119100c3bb2f" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="7bd0976b-0ca9-4ea0-ac50-96a8518228a1" root@tiit-macbook:/home/tiit# nano /etc/fstab root@tiit-macbook:/home/tiit# cat /etc/fstab # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> # / was on /dev/sdb2 during installation UUID=5e6559fc-f5e2-462f-9ab3-8a7aed3fd243 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # swap was on /dev/sdb3 during installation UUID=2656b21c-6145-456b-b671-119100c3bb2f none swap sw 0 0 UUID=1377ab46-39b3-3b2a-945c-cd42fe36bb96 /boot/efi auto defaults 0 0 root@tiit-macbook:/home/tiit# swapon /dev/sdb3 root@tiit-macbook:/home/tiit# swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/sdb3 partition 1873896 0 -1 root@tiit-macbook:/home/tiit#nano /etc/sysctl.conf
Lisasin siia faili rea:
vm.swappiness=1
Nüüd siis veel tulemustest. Samsung FIT 64GB mälupulgalt käivitus Ubuntu umbes 30 sekundiga. Sandisk Ultra Fit oli mõni sekund aeglasem. Üldiselt tunduvad need mälupulgad olevat suhteliselt samas klassis. Lõpetuseks veel testid Linuxis:
#SAMSUNG MEMORY DRIVE FLASH USB3 64GB/FIT tiit@tiit-macbook:~$ bonnie++ -d /tmp -r 2048 Writing a byte at a time...done Writing intelligently...done Rewriting...done Reading a byte at a time...done Reading intelligently...done start 'em...done...done...done...done...done... Create files in sequential order...done. Stat files in sequential order...done. Delete files in sequential order...done. Create files in random order...done. Stat files in random order...done. Delete files in random order...done. Version 1.97 ------Sequential Output------ --Sequential Input- --Random- Concurrency 1 -Per Chr- --Block-- -Rewrite- -Per Chr- --Block-- --Seeks-- Machine Size K/sec %CP K/sec %CP K/sec %CP K/sec %CP K/sec %CP /sec %CP tiit-macbook 4G 1102 72 28989 1 34591 1 +++++ +++ +++++ +++ 61.7 0 Latency 6283us 4662ms 5234ms 2622us 40us 97us Version 1.97 ------Sequential Create------ --------Random Create-------- tiit-macbook -Create-- --Read--- -Delete-- -Create-- --Read--- -Delete-- files /sec %CP /sec %CP /sec %CP /sec %CP /sec %CP /sec %CP 16 1139 0 +++++ +++ 9759 5 9686 5 +++++ +++ +++++ +++ Latency 402us 719us 331us 90us 35us 56us 1.97,1.97,tiit-macbook,1,1488186811,4G,,1102,72,28989,1,34591,1,+++++,+++,+++++,+++,61.7,0,16,,,,,1139,0,+++++,+++,9759,5,9686,5,+++++,+++,+++++,+++,6283us,4662ms,5234ms,2622us,40us,97us,402us,719us,331us,90us,35us,56us tiit@tiit-macbook:~$ tiit@tiit-macbook:~$ dd if=/dev/zero of=./largefile bs=1M count=1024 1024+0 kirjet sisse 1024+0 kirjet välja 1073741824 baiti (1,1 GB, 1,0 GiB) kopeeritud, 29,1436 s, 36,8 MB/s tiit@tiit-macbook:~$ sudo sh -c "sync && echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches" [sudo] password for tiit: tiit@tiit-macbook:~$ dd if=./largefile of=/dev/null bs=4k 262144+0 kirjet sisse 262144+0 kirjet välja 1073741824 baiti (1,1 GB, 1,0 GiB) kopeeritud, 9,38188 s, 114 MB/s tiit@tiit-macbook:~$ #SanDisk Ultra Fit 64GB USB3.0 tiit@tiit-macbook:~$ bonnie++ -d /tmp -r 2048 Writing a byte at a time...done Writing intelligently...done Rewriting...done Reading a byte at a time...done Reading intelligently...done start 'em...done...done...done...done...done... Create files in sequential order...done. Stat files in sequential order...done. Delete files in sequential order...done. Create files in random order...done. Stat files in random order...done. Delete files in random order...done. Version 1.97 ------Sequential Output------ --Sequential Input- --Random- Concurrency 1 -Per Chr- --Block-- -Rewrite- -Per Chr- --Block-- --Seeks-- Machine Size K/sec %CP K/sec %CP K/sec %CP K/sec %CP K/sec %CP /sec %CP tiit-macbook 4G 1253 82 21774 1 20453 1 +++++ +++ +++++ +++ 3953 28 Latency 5776us 1564ms 5215ms 1686us 25us 5818us Version 1.97 ------Sequential Create------ --------Random Create-------- tiit-macbook -Create-- --Read--- -Delete-- -Create-- --Read--- -Delete-- files /sec %CP /sec %CP /sec %CP /sec %CP /sec %CP /sec %CP 16 17253 9 +++++ +++ 31424 14 26748 15 +++++ +++ +++++ +++ Latency 46us 350us 262us 90us 33us 228us 1.97,1.97,tiit-macbook,1,1488183498,4G,,1253,82,21774,1,20453,1,+++++,+++,+++++,+++,3953,28,16,,,,,17253,9,+++++,+++,31424,14,26748,15,+++++,+++,+++++,+++,5776us,1564ms,5215ms,1686us,25us,5818us,46us,350us,262us,90us,33us,228us tiit@tiit-macbook:~$ dd if=/dev/zero of=./largefile bs=1M count=1024 1024+0 kirjet sisse 1024+0 kirjet välja 1073741824 baiti (1,1 GB, 1,0 GiB) kopeeritud, 0,382226 s, 2,8 GB/s tiit@tiit-macbook:~$ sudo sh -c "sync && echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches" tiit@tiit-macbook:~$ dd if=./largefile of=/dev/null bs=4k 262144+0 kirjet sisse 262144+0 kirjet välja 1073741824 baiti (1,1 GB, 1,0 GiB) kopeeritud, 9,95021 s, 108 MB/s tiit@tiit-macbook:~$
Linke:
http://www.asjade.net/artiklid/86-macbook-usb-ubuntu-linux
http://www.samsung.com/us/computing/memory-storage/usb-flash-drives/muf-128bc-am-muf-128bc-am/
https://www.sandisk.com/home/usb-flash/ultra-fit-usb
http://www.markit.eu/ee/et/flashdrive-sandisk-ultra-fit-64gb-usb3-0-128/v2p11925074
http://www.everythingusb.com/mini-drives/
http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/Reviews/Print.aspx?ArticleId=45899
http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/131311/moving-var-home-to-separate-partition
http://askubuntu.com/questions/440326/how-can-i-turn-off-swap-permanently
https://www.jamescoyle.net/how-to/599-benchmark-disk-io-with-dd-and-bonnie